Publication date: Available online 10 February 2019
Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine
Author(s): Lauren R. Klein, Brian E. Driver, Gabriella Horton, Sarah Scharber, Marc L. Martel, Jon B. Cole
Abstract
Background
Rapid treatment of agitation in the emergency department (ED) is critical to avoid injury to patients and providers. Treatment with intramuscular antipsychotics is often utilized, but there is a paucity of comparative effectiveness evidence available.
Objective
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effectiveness of droperidol, olanzapine, and haloperidol for treating agitation in the ED.
Methods
This was a retrospective observational study of adult patients who received intramuscular medication to treat agitation. Patients were classified based on the initial antipsychotic they received. The primary effectiveness outcome was the rate of additional sedation administered (rescue medication) within 1 h. Secondary outcomes included rescue sedation for the entire encounter and adverse events.
Results
There were 15,918 patients included (median age 37 years, 75% male). Rescue rates at 1 h were: 547/4947 for droperidol (11%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 10–12%), 988/8825 olanzapine (11%, 95% CI 10–12%), and 390/2146 for haloperidol (18%, 95% CI 17–20%). Rescue rates for the entire ED encounter were: 832/4947 for droperidol (17%, 95% CI 16–18%), 1665/8825 for olanzapine (19%, 95% CI 18–20%), and 560/2146 for haloperidol (26%, 95% CI 24–28%). Adverse events were uncommon: intubation (49, 0.3%), akathisia (7, 0.04%), dystonia (5, 0.03%), respiratory arrest (1, 0.006%), and torsades de pointes (0), with no significant differences between drugs.
Conclusions
Olanzapine and droperidol lead to lower rates of rescue sedation at 1 h and overall, compared with haloperidol. There were no significant differences in major adverse events.
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