PD-1/PD-L1 pathway participates in gastric surgery-induced imbalance of Th17/Treg cells in mice

Background The T-helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) balance is essential for immune homeostasis. But the effects of gastric surgery on this balance remain unclear. The aim of present study is to identify the influence of gastric surgery on Th17/Treg balance and the role of programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway in this process. Methods Mice were divided into Control, Sham and Surgery group randomly. Animals in Surgery group accepted partial gastrectomy. Mice in Sham group only received laparotomy without partial gastrectomy. Then we detected the percentages of Treg and Th17 cells, the expression of fork-head/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3) and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) in splenocytes, as well as plasma levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and interleukin (IL)-17 on days 1, 3, 5, 7 after surgery. We also analyzed the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). The roles of PD-1/PD-L1 on the Th17/Treg balance were evaluated by the induction of Th17 or Treg cells in the presence or absence of PD-1 antibody and recombinant PD-L1 immunoglobulin (Ig) in vitro. Results The percentage of Treg cells increased, accompanied with elevated expression of Foxp3 and TGF-β1 (p

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